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Lillard, P.,P. (1972) //Montessori: A modern Approach.// Schocken Books Inc., New York. Lillard, A., S. (2007) //Montessori: The Science Behind the Genus.// Oxford University Press, Inc., New York. Montessori, M. (1973) //From Childhood to Adolescents.// Schocken Books Inc., New York. Wentworth, R., L. (1999) //Montessori for the New Millennium.// Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ. Francis Parker. (2009). In //Encyclopædia Britannica//. Retrieved May 31, 2009, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online: []. Stone, Kirchner M. (2001). //The Progressive Legacy:// //Chicago////'s Francis W. Parker School (1901-2001).// New York: Peter Lang Publishing. Council for Basic Education. Retrieved June 11, 2009, from State University.com Web site: http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1888/Council-Basic-Education.html
 * Group #6 Judy Davis – Lauren Vogel – Marshelle Nichols **
 * Maria Montessori 1870- 1952 **
 * Chiaravalle Italy- The Netherlands
 * Philosophy: Montessori schools pride themselves on seeing and meeting the student’s personality and intellectual needs.
 * Primarily applied in [|preschool] and [|elementary school] settings.
 * Children are capable of self-directed learning.
 * There are numerous "sensitive periods" of development (periods of a few weeks or even months), during which a child's mind is particularly open to learning specific skills or knowledge such as crawling, sitting, walking, talking, reading, counting, and various levels of social interaction.
 * Children have an "absorbent mind" from birth to around age 6, possessing limitless motivation to achieve competence within their environment and to perfect skills and understandings.
 * Montessori classrooms provide an atmosphere that is pleasant and attractive, to allow children to learn at their own pace and interact with others in a natural and peaceful environment.
 * In the elementary-, middle-, and upper-school years, Montessori schools ideally adhere to the three-year age range of pupils, to encourage an interactive social and learning environment.
 * Francis W. Parker, 1837-1902 (Progressivist): **
 * Wanted to change the rigid structure of American schools.
 * Studied schooling systems in Europe and developed his own progressive ideas.
 * John Dewey named him the “Father of Progressive education”.
 * Was nominated and became superintendent in Quincy Massachusetts and launched the first large scale pedagogical transformation of the common schools (1875).
 * Wrote //“Talks on Teaching”// in 1883 and “//Talks on Pedagogics” in 1894// where he illustrated his idea of the Doctrine of Concentration and Correlation.
 * Established the Chicago Institute in 1899 (a private normal school in Chicago).
 * In cooperation with Philosopher John Dewey, Parker opened a private, progressive lab day school in 1901. It served children from 6-18 years old, and followed his progressive principles to learn by doing.
 * Today it is the earliest, and longest sustained progressive school experiment in America.
 * Parker is also called “ Teacher of Teachers” and “Children’s Crusader”.
 * Insisted there was no “Parker Method” but a set of principles he founded the school on:
 * A new Definition of the child
 * A broader definition of the school
 * Transformed school goals and purposes
 * Integrated Courses of Study
 * Innovative instructional methods
 * Arthur Eugene Bestor, Jr. 1908 – 1994 (Essentialist): **
 * He was a professor of history who firmly believed a liberal arts curriculum was the only acceptable format for secondary education.
 * He referred to progressive education as “regressive education”.
 * He wrote //Educational Wastelands// (1953) as a criticism to the progressive movement.
 * // The Restoration of Learning // (1955) was his ideal vision of what high school curriculum should be.
 * He was a founding member and served as the president of Council for Basic Education (1956). The Council believed an education founded in liberal arts training created a healthy democracy.
 * Bibliography: **

A.E. Bestor Jr. (1908 - 1994). Retrieved June 11, 2009, from State University.Com Web site: [] Marmor, John (1995, June). Arthur Bestor. //Washington.edu//, Retrieved June 11, 2009, from [] Bestor, Arthur (1953). //Educational Wastelands//. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press. Bestor, Arthur (1955). //Restoration of Learning//. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, INC.